Author: Energeia Graphenemex

More Energy, Faster Charging, and Longer Lifespan: Graphenemex® Graphene in Batteries 

Posted on | by Energeia Graphenemex

More Energy, Faster Charging, and Longer Lifespan:

Graphenemex® Graphene in Batteries

From mobile phones to electric vehicles, modern life depends on lithium-ion batteries. Although this technology has been widely used since the 1990s, it still faces limitations such as long charging times, performance degradation with use, and constraints in capacity and efficiency. 

To overcome these barriers, materials science has turned its attention to graphene—a two-dimensional material composed of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice—which offers a wide range of exceptional mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Among the various production routes reported worldwide, graphene developed by Graphenemex® has demonstrated particularly attractive characteristics for energy-related applications. 

Graphene or Graphite? 

It is widely known that graphite is the standard material used in the anodes of commercial batteries. However, what is less commonly understood is that graphite is composed of millions of graphene layers tightly stacked together. In graphite, these graphene sheets are so closely bound that the movement of lithium ions during charge and discharge cycles is restricted, leading to the limitations mentioned above. 

“Graphite acts as the reversible storage material for lithium ions, allowing the battery to charge and discharge energy by intercalating and extracting these ions between its layers.” 

Why Does Graphene Improve Lithium Battery Performance? 

Exceptional electrical conductivity 

Graphene exhibits extraordinarily high electrical conductivity due to its sp² carbon structure with delocalized π electrons. In lithium batteries, this allows electrons to move with lower resistance between the active electrode material and the current collector, enabling much faster electron transport. 

Improved lithium-ion transport 

Thanks to its two-dimensional structure and the possibility of increasing interlayer spacing, graphene reduces the distance and barriers lithium ions must overcome within the electrode. This improves charging speed, electrochemical efficiency, and high-rate performance. 

High surface area 

Graphene’s large surface area provides more active sites for lithium storage and better contact between the electrode and the electrolyte, increasing the effective area for electrochemical reactions. 

Enhanced mechanical stability 

Most electrode materials expand and contract during charge–discharge cycles, leading to degradation. Graphene acts as a mechanical buffer against these volume changes, reducing degradation and significantly extending battery lifespan. 

How Is the Future of Graphene Batteries Shaping Up? 

According to data from the global market research firm Fortune Business Insights, the graphene battery market was valued at USD 211.87 million in 2025 and is expected to grow to USD 1,508.75 million by 2034, driven by the global transition toward high-performance energy storage technologies. Major companies involved in research and adoption of graphene-based batteries include Samsung Electronics, Panasonic Corporation, Huawei, Log 9 Materials, Cabot Corporation, Graphenano, Nanotech Energy, Nanotek Instruments Inc., XG Sciences, ZEN Graphene Solutions Ltd., GrapheneCA, Global Graphene Group, Vorbeck, Graphenea, Hybrid Kinetic Group Ltd., and Targray. 

Beyond economic profitability, sustainability is a critical factor. The adoption of graphene in battery manufacturing can reduce dependence on critical raw materials such as lithium, improve recyclability, decrease frequent replacements, and consequently reduce carbon footprint—aligning with the goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. 

What Is Mexico’s Contribution to This Value Chain? 

 Energeia–Graphenemex® is the leading Mexican company in Latin America dedicated to the production and commercialization of graphene-based materials and the development of applications. Although its product portfolio does not yet include a graphene battery, its materials are currently being evaluated under strict research protocols at major national and international research centers.  

Picture: Victoria Bracamonte 

In a 2025 study led by Dr. Victoria Bracamonte and collaborators from the Sustainable Energy Laboratory (LAES), Enrique Gaviola Institute of Physics (IFEG), Faculty of Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics and Computing (FaMAF), and Faculty of Chemical Sciences at the National University of Córdoba, Argentina, the performance of commercial graphite was compared against the exfoliated graphene from Graphenemex® as anode materials in batteries. The objective was to explore lithium-ion diffusion properties and high-rate performance. 

After comprehensive structural and electrochemical analyses, the results showed that: 

  1. Graphene (Graphenemex®) achieved up to five times higher energy storage capacity than graphite. 
  1. Graphene enabled higher charging rates, retaining more than 50% of its capacity, significantly outperforming graphite. 
  1. Graphene exhibited lower charge-transfer resistance and more efficient Li⁺ diffusion compared to graphite, indicating superior battery performance. 

These results are consistent with other reported studies, with the added advantage that Graphenemex® graphene is produced using an eco-friendly, scalable, and low-cost method, positioning it as an accessible technological platform for both academic research and industrial applications. 

Writing: EF/Dania Hernández 

Sources: 

  1. From Theory to Experiment: Reviewing the Role of Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries Through Density Functional Theory. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 992. 
  1. The role of graphene in rechargeable lithium batteries: Synthesis, functionalization, and perspectives. Nano Materials Science 7 (2025) 818–836 
  1. High power and energy density graphene phase change composite materials for efficient thermal management of Li-ion batteries. Energy Storage Materials 75 (2025) 104003 
  1. Graphene, inorganic graphene analogs and their composites for lithium ion batteries J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 12104 
  1. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/es/graphene-battery-market-105711 
  1. https://chargeasap.com/blogs/news/how-panasonics-graphene-battery-redefines-mobile-charging#:~:text=One%20company%20at%20the%20forefront%20of%20graphene,and%20shape%20the%20future%20of%20mobile%20charging. 
  1. https://nanotechenergy.com/graphene-products/graphene-batteries/ 
  1. https://graphenemg.com/gmg-unveils-graphene-aluminium-ion-battery-that-fully-charges-in-6-minutes/ 
  1. https://revistacloud.com/graphenegpu-la-tecnologia-de-grafeno-que-revoluciona-el-consumo-energetico-en-centros-de-datos-para-ia/ 

When Graphenemex® Graphene Transforms Dentistry: Stronger, Safer, and Antimicrobial PMMA 

Posted on | by Energeia Graphenemex

When Graphenemex® Graphene Transforms Dentistry:

Stronger, Safer, and Antimicrobial PMMA

The world of dental materials is extensive and complex, encompassing a wide variety of materials from metals, ceramics, polymers, surgical, cements, impressions, and others, that have naturally progressed over time to provide greater mechanical functionality, aesthetics, biological, and/or microbiological performance. 

In this evolutionary context, biomaterials science explores the use of graphene and its derivatives in dentistry due to their extraordinary theoretical properties: mechanical strength (Young’s modulus ~1 TPa), electrical conductivity (electron mobility >15,000 cm²/V·s), thermal conductivity (~5000 W/m·K), and chemical stability. These position graphene as an excellent candidate for developing restorative materials, bioactive cements, or those with improved adhesion or antimicrobial capacity, contributing to greater durability, better infection control, and long-term treatment success. 

A widely used acrylic resin for manufacturing orthodontic and prosthetic appliances—and a research subject—is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Due to its mechanical limitations and high contamination susceptibility, modifications have been evaluated, such as glass fiber, zirconia, titanium dioxide, graphene, and biocidal additives. Graphene stands out for its contributions to fracture resistance, dimensional stability, and reduced biofilm formation. 

Biosafety is a primary concern for new materials. For graphene, this depends on its surface chemistry, concentration used, and whether particles are free or embedded in a polymer matrix, directly influencing interaction with surrounding tissues. In dental resins, toxicity often stems from leaching unreacted monomers and fillers, but this is mitigated by proper curing—via UV photopolymerization or thermal treatment—as per manufacturer specifications. 

At appropriate concentrations, graphene leads to a denser polymer network, reduced monomer leaching, and improved biocompatibility. This enhances rigidity, compressive strength, and reduces wear rate for better durability through mechanisms such as:  

  1. Absorbing incident light to promote photo initiator radicals,  
  1. Facilitating energy or charge transfer to accelerate polymerization,  
  1. Providing nucleation sites for cross-links,  
  1. Reducing thermal expansion coefficient for long-term stability. 

In Latin America, national graphene production and application are consolidating. In this scenario, the graphene produced by the Mexican company Energeia Fusion, under the brand Graphenemex®, since 2018 has undergone systematic studies for mechanical and antimicrobial properties in various materials. In 2023, the Nanomaterials Laboratory of the Master’s Program in Dental Sciences of the Faculty of Stomatology of the UASLP, incorporated it into research lines to analyze its effects in PMMA matrices, focusing on mechanical performance and biosafety in dentistry. 

Investigations were conducted in two master’s projects directed by Dr. Juan Carlos Flores Arriaga, following ISO 7405 guidelines for biocompatibility evaluation of dental products and materials, and ADA No. 12 requirements for physical and chemical test methods of denture base resin materials. 

Properties evaluated in PMMA modified with Graphenemex® graphene included:  

1. Fracture resistance via stress, elasticity, and hardness analysis,  

2. Characterization by microscopy (physical appearance), spectroscopy (molecular composition), and contact angle (liquid interaction changes),  

3. Antimicrobial capacity against main caries causative Streptococcus mutans, and others like Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus oralis, associated with caries and biofilm (dental plaque),  

4. In vitro cytotoxicity assays on fibroblasts L-929 per ISO 10993-51.2009 (E) for medical device safety. 

Experimental results confirmed that Graphenemex® graphene in PMMA caused no harmful chemical changes to polymeric integrity but significant improvements in mechanical performance — 90-150% over conventional PMMA — meaning less deformation during chewing, greater wear and fracture resistance. 

Additionally, increased hydrophobicity (per contact angle), microbial growth inhibition (mainly S. mutans), and scanning electron microscopy observations confirmed enhanced antimicrobial capacity, anti-biofilm properties, and—crucially—no compromised biocompatibility, as cytotoxicity tests showed no toxicity across evaluated concentrations. 

In conclusion, proper incorporation of Graphenemex® graphene endows PMMA with effective antimicrobial properties without toxicity, positioning it as a multifunctional dental biomaterial with mechanical, biological, and preventive advantages against oral biofilm-related pathologies. This supports its clinical potential in prosthetic rehabilitation, orthodontics, and orthopedics. 

Writing: EF/Dania Hernández 

Sources :  

 
1. https://repositorioinstitucional.uaslp.mx/xmlui/handle/i/9563 

  1. https://repositorioinstitucional.uaslp.mx/xmlui/handle/i/8315 
  1. De Toledo, P.T.A.; Nunes, G.P.; Ferreira, M.F.; Martins, T.P.; Peres, G.R.; Soares, D.G.; Esteves-Oliveira, M. Bonding Behavior of Graphene-Based Enhanced Restorative Materials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2025, 141, 104046. 
  1. Ben Ammar, T.; Roman, T.; Ba, H.; Ball, V.; Kharouf, N. Graphene and Related Materials: Properties and Applications in Dentistry. Materials 2025, 18, 5365. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ma18235365  
  1. Saghiri, M.A.; Saini, R.S.; Kuruniyan, M.S.; Mosaddad, S.A.; Heboyan, A. Graphene and Its Modifications for Enhanced Adhesion in Dental Restoratives: A Molecular Docking and Dynamics Study. Sci. Rep. 2025, 15, 9455.  
  1. Janji´c, K.; Valentova, A.; Arellano, S.; Unterhuber, A.; Krause, A.; Oberoi, G.; Unger, E.; Tabrizi, H.A.S.; Schedle, A. The Impact of Print Orientation and Graphene Nanoplatelets on Biaxial Flexural Strength and Cytotoxicity of a 3D Printable Resin for Occlusal Splints. Dent. Mater. 2024, 40, 1742–1752.  
  1. Ahmad, K.H.; Mohamad, Z.; Khan, Z.I. Influence of Graphene Nanoplatelets and Post-Curing Conditions on the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Stereolithography 3D-Printed Nanocomposites. Polymers 2024, 16, 2721.  

Graphene Toward 2036: Innovation, Market Growth, and the Future of Advanced Materials

Posted on | by Energeia Graphenemex

Graphene Toward 2036:

Innovation, Market Growth, and the Future of Advanced Materials

Since the late 2010s and early 2020s, graphene—widely regarded as the material of the future—has moved beyond the guarded walls of research laboratories to become a commercial reality. Although cost remains a limiting factor for large-scale adoption, numerous companies around the world have made strong commitments to this technology.

Recent Developments

Research on graphene is continuously evolving, generating ongoing advancements in production methods, material properties, and applications. Significant progress has been reported in the energy sector and in industries such as electronics, where graphene is expected to revolutionize the design of faster and more efficient devices. In medicine, it shows strong potential for early diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering. Additionally, graphene is enabling novel industrial applications that promote sustainability and the development of lighter, stronger materials.

Market Projections Toward 2036

According to studies by Market Research Future and Fortune Business Insights—global market research and consulting firms—the graphene market is expected to grow at a considerable rate in the coming years, reaching a valuation of several billion dollars by 2036. This growth will be driven primarily by demand from the electronics, energy, and composite materials sectors.

British firm IDTechEx, a leader in research on emerging and disruptive technologies, also forecasts accelerated growth in commercial graphene applications, particularly in sustainable technologies such as graphene-based batteries and supercapacitors, which are expected to deliver superior performance compared to current solutions.

Leading Companies in Graphene Development

Major technology companies such as Samsung and Huawei have invested significant resources in graphene research. Samsung, through the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), has focused primarily on graphene-enhanced lithium batteries, aiming to increase capacity by up to 45% and charging speed by as much as five times. Huawei, meanwhile, has concentrated on graphene’s heat dissipation capabilities, which are critical for maintaining the performance of smartphones and tablets.

The multinational mining company BHP, through BHP Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA), signed an agreement to test a graphene-based coating under the ecosparc® brand by Sparc Technologies at its coal handling and processing facilities at the Goonyella Riverside mine in Queensland. The objective is to gather data on performance under extreme corrosion conditions.

Similarly, the Spanish multinational energy and petrochemical company Repsol has invested in Graphenea—one of the most well-known graphene companies—to advance research in batteries, thermal coatings, and other materials aimed at improving energy efficiency and developing new applications.

Other notable players include Luxembourg-based OCSiAl, which specializes in the synthesis of graphene nanotubes and offers performance-enhancing additives under the TUBALL™, TUBALL™ MATRIX, and TUBALL™ BATT brands. The Australian company First Graphene, known for its PureGRAPH® product line, supplies graphene raw materials and masterbatches for product development.

In Latin America, the most prominent company is Energeia Fusion (Mexico), which operates under the Graphenemex® and Graphenergy® brands. The company supplies graphene and graphene oxide as raw materials for new product development and creates applications for the construction, coatings, and plastics industries. In parallel, it collaborates with universities to promote multiple research lines, achieving notable results in dentistry, batteries, and conductive coatings. Energeia Fusion also offers consulting services for companies interested in integrating graphene technology into their products or services.

Other companies in the Americas include ACS Material and NeoGraf (USA), UCSGraphene and Gerdau Graphene (Brazil), and Graphenestone (Spain). El grafeno representa una de las innovaciones más emocionantes en el ámbito de materiales avanzados, con el potencial de revolucionar múltiples industrias.

Conclusion

Graphene represents one of the most exciting innovations in the field of advanced materials, with the potential to transform multiple industries. Market projections are highly promising, and an increasing number of companies are recognizing the value of this material. As research and development continue to advance, it is increasingly likely that graphene will become an integral part of everyday life soon.

Written by :EF/DHS

References:

  1. https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/es/reports/graphene-electronic-market-32949
  2. https://grafeno.co/fabricantes-y-proveedores-de-grafeno-a-nivel-mundial/
  3. https://www.xataka.com/investigacion/samsung-toma-la-delantera-en-la-fabricacion-comercial-del-grafeno
  4. https://www.graphene-info.com/sparc-trial-graphene-based-coating-bhp-mitsubishi-alliance-goonyella-riverside#:~:text=Secondary%20menu,Sparc%20Managing%20Director%2C%20Mr.
  5. https://ocsial.com/es/industry/
  6. https://www.theglobalgraphenegroup.com/
  7. https://www.graphenea.com/?srsltid=AfmBOoroq4CofJ1IOEyYRIfwnqKcVS4nre9DnO3psqFxlSMHxtKqg05W
  8. https://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/Repsol-y-el-CDTI-invierten-un-millon-de-euros-en-la-firma-espanola-Graphenea

One Atom Thick, Maximum Sensitivity: Graphene to Protect the Air We Breathe 

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One Atom Thick, Maximum Sensitivity:

Graphene to Protect the Air We Breathe

Environmental monitoring is essential for understanding air quality and, consequently, for designing policies that protect both human health and the surrounding environment. However, current measurement tools still present technical, operational, and economic limitations that affect the accuracy and availability of data. For this reason, science continues to seek sensors that are not only more sensitive, but also portable, flexible, accessible, and capable of generating real-time, large-scale information. In this search, graphene and its derivatives have emerged as particularly promising materials.  

“According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 99% of the global population breathes air that exceeds recommended quality limits.” 

Properties of Graphene 

Graphene is a one-atom-thick carbon nanostructure arranged in a hexagonal lattice that, in theoretical terms, has a surface area that can exceed 2600 m²/g and electron mobility greater than 15,000 cm²/V·s. These characteristics are responsible for its high sensitivity to surface changes, enabling it to detect minimal variations when gases or other molecules are adsorbed onto it. 

Unlike conventional metal-oxide sensors that require high temperatures to operate, graphene-based sensors not only improve sensitivity but can also function at room temperature, reducing energy consumption and facilitating their integration into portable devices or smart textiles, as discussed in the article Graphene Wearables: The New Frontier Between Technology, Health, and Materials Science. 

The Evolution of Graphene for Environmental Monitoring 

The foundations for using graphene to design high-sensitivity sensors were established by scientists André Geim and Konstantin Novoselov from the University of Manchester, who received the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for isolating this material in 2004. Among their many discoveries, they demonstrated that graphene could respond to extremely small variations in its electronic environment and was even capable of detecting the presence of a single adsorbed atom or molecule of gas. 

These discoveries opened a new landscape for environmental monitoring and accelerated research on graphene. Soon after, it was shown that, for the first time, a material only one atom thick could register electronic variations associated with gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ammonia (NH₃), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with greater sensitivity than conventional sensors. 

“The potential of graphene as a highly efficient sensor lies in its interaction with gases, which modifies its electrical properties, enabling more precise and sensitive detection.” 

Recent Advances in Graphene for Environmental Monitoring 

Below are several recent research results that illustrate the progress of graphene in the field of environmental monitoring: 

2025-Mexico 

Researchers at the Advanced Nanotechnology Laboratory of the Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, Mexico, presented the results of an experimental–computational study on the detection mechanisms of a titanium dioxide (TiO₂)–graphene hybrid for LP gas detection. 

The hybrid, prepared using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique — which allows precise ultrathin films of just a few nanometers — showed a clear electrical response to the gas, surpassing the limitations of pure TiO₂ such as high operating temperature and low selectivity. It displayed significant improvements in sensitivity and response speed compared to conventional sensors. 

2025-China 

Scientists at Guangxi Normal University in Guilin used a one-step hydrothermal method to develop a graphene–copper oxide (CuO) hybrid sensor for detecting hexanal, a volatile organic compound related to environmental pollution. 

The new sensor exhibited a resistance change (response) of up to 26% at 100 ppm of hexanal at room temperature, maintaining performance across multiple test cycles and showing minimal interference from other gases — indicating good selectivity. 

2022-India 

Researchers from the Institute of Chemical Technology, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), and the Homi Bhabha National Institute developed a carbon-nanotube/graphene oxide (GO) aerogel for detecting VOCs associated with cancer. 

The hybrid material tripled sensitivity with a detection limit of 70 ppb — much lower than the typical range of commercial metal-oxide sensors. 

The favorable response of GO is attributed to the oxygen-containing groups (~16%) in its structure; however, if the oxygen content is too high (~30%), sensitivity drops significantly because the material becomes more insulating. Moreover, humidity (~60%) can artificially increase the signal, which is why graphene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) often perform better according to other studies. 

2019-Spain 

 The Nanosensors and Smart Systems (NOySI) group at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) prepared resistive sensors made from graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using drop-casting and electrospray techniques on polymeric and silicon substrates. 

These sensors were evaluated for their detection of pollutant gases such as NO₂ and O₃ at room temperature. 

A key conclusion — consistent with other studies — is that not all graphenes behave the same. Their performance depends on their concentration and deposition method. 

GO, being insulating, showed resistance so high that measurement was impossible. 

Graphene and rGO, on the other hand, showed detectable responses starting from just 1 µg. 

2015-Finland 

Researchers from the Department of Micro and Nanosciences at Aalto University, in collaboration with various institutions, developed a prototype epitaxial graphene sensor that detected nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) at concentrations as low as 1 ppb — significantly more sensitive than commercial metal-oxide sensors, which typically require concentrations above 5–10 ppb for reliable signals. 

This improved detection limit, combined with room-temperature operation and nearly zero energy consumption, highlighted the advantages of graphene over traditional materials that require operating temperatures between 150 and 400 °C. 

Conclusion 

This brief timeline shows how graphene is gradually and solidly establishing itself as an important tool for environmental monitoring. 

While most sensors detect gases at concentrations on the order of parts per million (ppm), graphene-enhanced sensors can increase sensitivity to tens of parts per billion (ppb), with the added advantage of room-temperature operation. 

However, despite these advantages, widespread commercialization may still take time. It is still necessary to optimize recovery times, minimize the variability caused by ambient humidity, and develop scalable and reproducible production processes suitable for real-world conditions. 

Written by: EF/DHS 

Referencias 

  1. Rodríguez Hueso, J.E. 2025. Estudio experimental-computacional de los mecanismos de detección del híbrido TiO₂–GR en presencia de gas LP. Tesis de Doctorado en Ciencias. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California. 87 pp. 
  1. Xiaoni Wei. 2025 J. A room-temperature hexanal gas sensor based on graphene/copper oxide composite. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 3084 012028.  
  1. Biranje, P. M., et. al. 2022. Ultra-fast detection and monitoring of cancerous volatile organic compounds in environment using graphene oxide modified CNT aerogel hybrid gas sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 375, 132934.  
  1. Sanz Montero, Irene. 2019. Preparación de sensores de gases basados en grafeno para la detección de contaminantes atmosféricos. Trabajo Fin de Grado / Proyecto Fin de Carrera, E.T.S.I. Industriales (UPM), Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales. 
  1. Novikov, S., et. al. 2055. Graphene Based Sensor for Environmental Monitoring of NO2. Procedia Engineering, 120, 586-589 

Graphene Wearables: The New Frontier Between Technology, Health, and Materials Science 

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Graphene Wearables:

The New Frontier Between Technology, Health, and Materials Science 

Graphene has revolutionized wearable technology by enabling flexible and highly sensitive sensors capable of monitoring medical parameters in real time. This nanomaterial stands out for its piezoresistive properties, allowing it to detect movement and pressure without sacrificing comfort. Moreover, its versatility enables interaction with a wide range of materials, enhancing the conductivity and flexibility of wearables. Among these materials, polymers, metallic nanoparticles, and other carbon-based compounds play a central role. Finally, the production of graphene involves various methods, and its properties can be optimized through combinations with other materials. 

At the beginning of the 21st century, wearable technology seemed like a concept from science fiction. However, growing awareness of health and wellness accelerated its evolution to the point that today, wearables are not only real devices but, for many users, essential items—particularly in the medical field, where some wearables can monitor key parameters such as glucose, oxygen, or heart rate for real-time medical tracking. It is expected that, in the near future, these devices will go beyond data collection; with the integration of artificial intelligence, they will also interpret and provide personalized recommendations to address specific situations. Naturally, this progress also brings ethical and security concerns that must be properly addressed and safeguarded. 

Graphene-Based Wearables 

Strictly speaking, graphene is a nanomaterial composed of one or several layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. In practical terms, these structural characteristics allow it to act as an excellent piezoresistive material, as its electrical resistance can vary significantly under mechanical deformation. 

“When a graphene sensor is stretched or deformed, the distance and overlap between its carbon atoms change, altering electron mobility and consequently its electrical resistance. This effect, known as piezoresistance, forms the basis for detecting forces, pressures, and movements in flexible sensors used in wearables.” 

Thanks to its excellent ability to interact with various materials, graphene serves as an ideal base for developing sensors capable of detecting motion, temperature, or pressure without compromising comfort or flexibility in the garments that incorporate it. 

What Materials Interact Well with Graphene? 

Graphene is an extremely versatile material capable of interacting through covalent bonds, π–π interactions, Van der Waals forces, or hydrogen bonding, depending on the type of material it is combined with — including metals, ceramics, biomaterials, and polymers, among others. 

In wearable technology, graphene exhibits excellent compatibility with polymers such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which allows materials to stretch, bend, or be washed without losing conductivity; with metallic nanoparticles like gold and silver, which enhance conductivity while maintaining flexibility; with carbon nanotubes, which help form a more stable and motion-sensitive network; and with other carbon materials such as carbon black, which fosters the creation of a hybrid conductive network acting as a bridge between graphene sheets, improving resistance sensitivity when the structure is deformed. 

How Is a Graphene Wearable Manufactured? 

The first step in manufacturing these products is to synthesize or produce graphene, either by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), mechanical exfoliation, or chemical oxidation. It is important to note that graphene produced by each of these methods has distinct characteristics, making it essential to understand their technical capabilities. Additional functionalization with other materials can also be considered to enhance performance. 

Once the graphene material—with or without modifications—is ready, the next step is to integrate or immobilize it within a flexible matrix such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or polyurethane (TPU). This allows the sensor to be applied as a thin film on another substrate (e.g., textile) and connected via electrodes to electronic circuits for signal acquisition and processing. When in motion, the sensor deforms, changing its electrical resistance and converting this into digital data to monitor movement, pressure, and other parameters. 

Research Advances in Graphene Wearables 

  • 2025 – University of Cambridge, together with the Capital Medical University and Beihang University (China), developed a graphene-based system for sleep monitoring integrated into washable, skin-compatible smart garments. The system detects laryngeal vibrations through a six-channel strain sensor matrix placed on a neck fabric to recognize and analyze sleep patterns. 
  • 2022 – University of Pennsylvania, researchers developed a PDMS-graphene patch for body temperature monitoring, achieving a 24% improvement in thermal conductivity. Combined with a data analysis software for smart terminals, it enabled real-time health monitoring with strong potential for public health applications, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic. 
  • 2021 – Wuhan University (China), scientists from the School of Mechanical and Power Engineering created flexible graphene and carbon black sensors with high sensitivity, stability, and excellent strain-to-resistance ratios. 
  • 2019 – Graphene Flagship & Institute of Photonic Sciences (Spain), presented one of the first graphene-based wearable prototypes using quantum dots to measure multiple vital signs (e.g., heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, UV exposure) through flexible optics, demonstrating graphene’s potential in ultra-light and comfortable optical sensors. 
  • 2017 – Tsinghua University & Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China), developed an ultrathin neck device capable of detecting vocal cord movements and emitting sound. Notably, this prototype showed relative resistance changes up to ~150% at ~133 Ω and produced ~75 dB sound output at 0.38 W from a 2 mm distance. 
  • 2017 – Sabancı University (Turkey), the Center for Research and Application of Nanotechnology developed a smart garment with graphene textile electrodes for wrist and neck biopotential (ECG) monitoring. Compared to conventional electrodes, the graphene prototype achieved near-clinical performance with superior comfort. 

Commercial Developments 

Although most research remains at the experimental or prototype stage, several companies have already crossed the threshold from laboratory to market: 

GraphWear (USA): Developed a non-invasive graphene-based glucose monitoring wearable, consisting of a thin graphene film attached to the back of a smartwatch or as an adhesive patch worn on the abdomen. 

Graphene Newton (India): Launched a line of uniforms and wearables with graphene for health, location, and military performance monitoring. 

Versarien (UK): Through its Graphene-Wear™ technology, offers enhanced thermal transfer, superior moisture management, and faster drying while maintaining air and vapor permeability. Recently, it obtained OEKO-TEX® certification, confirming that Graphene-Wear™ is a sustainable technology that meets legal and industry standards without posing risks to human health. 

Written by: EF/DHS 

References 

  1. Y. Chen et al., “Graphene-based wearable piezoresistive physical sensors,” Materials Today, vol. 36, pp. 158-179, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2019.12.004 
  1. K.-Y. Chen, Y.-T. Xu, Y. Zhao et al., “Recent progress in graphene-based wearable piezoresistive sensors: From 1D to 3D device geometries,” Mater. Sci. Eng., 2023. 
  1. M.K.H. Chowdhury et al., “Sensing the future with graphene-based wearable sensors,” Sci. Rep., 2024. 
  1. F. Saeedi et al., “Recent Advances of Graphene‐Based Wearable Sensors,” Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 2025. 
  1. R. Huang et al., “Highly Stretchable and Sensitive SBS/Graphene Composite Fiber for Strain Sensors,” Compos. Sci. Technol., 2019. 
  1. J. Li et al., “Flexible, Highly Sensitive, and Wearable Pressure and Strain Sensors with Graphene Porous Network Structure,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016. 
  1. Flexible graphene photodetectors for wearable fitness monitoring.’ Polat et al., Sci. Adv. 2019; 5: eaaw7846. 
  1. Huang J, Huang D. Graphene-Enhanced Polydimethylsiloxane Patch for Wearable Body Temperature Remote Monitoring Application. Sensors (Basel). 2022 Dec 2;22(23):9426.  
  1. Yapici MK, Alkhidir TE. Intelligent Medical Garments with Graphene-Functionalized Smart-Cloth ECG Sensors. Sensors (Basel). 2017 Apr 16;17(4):875. doi: 10.3390/s17040875. PMID: 28420158; PMCID: PMC5424752. 
  1. L. Ma, Y. Gao, S. Li, X. Lei, X. Li and F. Liu, “Flexible piezoresistive sensors with 3D CB/graphene conductive networks,” 2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology & Manufacturing Conference (EDTM), Chengdu, China, 2021, pp. 1-3,  
  1. Aznar, P.R.D.; Junior, H.L.O. Advances and Applications of Graphene-Enhanced Textiles: A 10-Year Review of Functionalization Strategies and Smart Fabric Technologies. Textiles 2025, 5, 28 
  1. https://graphene-flagship.eu/about/first-10-years/spearheads/c2-sh06-weargraph 
  1. https://www.graphene-info.com/researchers-develop-graphene-based-intelligent-wearable-artificial-throat 
  1. https://www.graphene-info.com/graphwear-closes-205m-series-b-needle-free-graphene-powered-glucose-monitor 
  1. https://graphene-newton.com/service/smart-wearables-uniforms 

From Amorphous Carbon to Graphene: Challenges in Producing Graphenic Materials from Waste 

Posted on | by Energeia Graphenemex

From Amorphous Carbon to Graphene:

Challenges in Producing Graphenic Materials from Waste 

Graphene is recognized as the fundamental structural unit of graphite. However, unlike graphite—which is a three-dimensional (3D) material—graphene consists of a single two-dimensional (2D) layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice that gives it remarkable mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties, making it extremely attractive for scientific and technological applications. 

Since graphene is composed primarily of carbon, its production typically relies on high-purity carbon sources such as graphite and even gases like methane, using methods such as liquid-phase exfoliation, chemical oxidation, or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However, in the search for more sustainable, economical, and scalable production routes—particularly for industrial use—alternative carbon sources such as biomass and plastic waste have emerged. 

The main challenge is that these processes initially produce amorphous carbon, a disordered form of carbon with low conductivity and without the intrinsic properties of graphene. Therefore, it is crucial to determine whether the materials produced are truly graphene or rather other less-ordered carbon-based structures with different properties. 

“Each year, approximately 140 billion tons of agricultural biomass, 181.5 billion tons of forest and agricultural residues, and around 464 million tons of plastic waste are generated worldwide, of which only 20% is recycled, 25% is incinerated, and 55% ends up in landfills.” 

Graphene from Biomass 

Biomass is organic matter of animal or plant origin, including tree branches, agricultural or forestry residues, and biodegradable fractions of waste, among others. Its composition—rich in carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen—makes it a promising feedstock for producing graphene through thermal processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization. 

Recent studies have shown that, by using metallic catalysts such as manganese nitrate and maintaining precise temperature control, it is possible to directly convert biomass into graphitic carbon, meaning a graphene-like structure, while avoiding the formation of intermediate amorphous carbon. The key to success lies in carefully controlling the process to promote graphitization during pyrolysis and avoid incomplete carbonization that leads to amorphous carbon formation. 

Graphene from Plastic Pyrolysis 

Pyrolysis—the decomposition of chemical compounds through heat in the absence of oxygen—when applied to plastic waste, can yield fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and, in this case, graphene. For this process, catalysts such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), metal salts, or clays are required to break polymer bonds and promote carbon rearrangement into the characteristic flat aromatic structure of graphene. 

An example of this is Flash Joule Heating (FJH), a process in which plastic materials are heated to extremely high temperatures in a fraction of a second, producing a turbostratic graphene-like material composed of multiple disordered stacked layers. 

What Is Really Produced? 

To achieve true graphene using these methods, it is essential to employ catalysts that promote graphitization, maintain rigorous thermal control, and apply additional steps for exfoliating and stabilizing the resulting graphenic sheets. If these conditions are not met, the product is likely to be amorphous carbon, which, although useful in certain applications, lacks graphene’s distinctive properties.  

“Amorphous carbon lacks a repeating atomic pattern throughout the material, whereas turbostratic graphene exhibits partial hexagonal layer ordering.” 

Conclusion 

While producing graphene from biomass and plastic waste is indeed a promising route for utilizing waste and reducing environmental impact, the main challenges lie in ensuring the quality and purity of the resulting product as well as to control the CO2 emissions.  

These materials often contain a higher density of defects and, in some cases, may consist of a mixture of graphene, partially oxidized graphene, and amorphous carbon. The key is to properly identify and harness each material according to its distinct characteristics and properties. 

Written by:EF/DHS 

References 

  1. Mensah, R. A., et al. (2025). The facile conversion of waste biomass into few-layer graphene oxide without the formation of an amorphous intermediate. Scientific Reports, 15, Article 12345; 
  1. Saha, J. K., & Dutta, A. (2021). A Review of Graphene: Material Synthesis from Biomass Sources. Materials, 14(18), 5384;  
  1. Le, P. A., et al. (2025). A review of commercial plastic waste recycling into graphene-based materials: efficiency, challenges, and perspectives. RSC Advances, 15, 12345-12368;  
  1. Wyss, K. M., et al. (2021). Converting plastic waste pyrolysis ash into flash graphene. Carbon, 183, 351-360;  
  1. Nagendran, S., et al. (2024). Sustainable production of graphene using biomass waste: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 387, 135833; 6. Seah, C. C., et al. (2023). Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic: Circularity of wastes and comprehensive review of synergistic mechanism. Results in Engineering, 19, 100884.   

Experts promote links between academia and industry at the 68th National Physics Congress 2025

Posted on | by Energeia Graphenemex

The 68th National Physics Congress 2025, organized by the Mexican Physical Society (SMF), will take place from October 12 to 17 at the EDOMEX Convention Center in Toluca, State of Mexico. This meeting, one of the most important in the country in its field, will bring together researchers, professors, students, and representatives of the productive sector to analyze the latest advances in scientific research and their technological application.

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